1. S₁: Moncure Conway devoted his life to two great objects : freedom of thought, and freedom of the individual.
S₆: Unless a vigorous and vigilant public opinion can be aroused in defence of them, there will be much less of both a hundred years hence than there is now.

P: They threaten both kinds of freedom.
Q: But something also has been lost.
R: There are now dangers, somewhat different in form'from those of the past ages.
S: In regard to both these objects, something has been gained since his time.

2. S₁: Primitive man was helpless and weak.
S₆: Thday the knowledge gained from science has armed him with superhuman strength.

P: He conceived of some divinity behing this.
Q: As ages passed, he began to think and to investigate nature's mysteries.
R: He bowed down before natural phenomena.
S: The flash of lightning, the clap of thunder struck him with awe.

3. S₁: Forecasting the weather has always been a difficult business.
S₆: He made his forecasts by watching flights of the birds or the way smoke rose from fire.

P: During a period of drought, streams and rivers dried up, the cattle died from thirst and the crops were ruined.
Q: Many different things affect the weather and we have to study them carefully to make an accurate forecast.
R: Ancient Egyptians had no need of this- weather in the Nile valley hardly ever changes.
S: In early times, when there were no instruments, such as thermometer or the barometer, man looked for tell-tale signs in the sky.

4. S₁: Just as some men like to play football or tennis, so some men like to climb mountains.
S₆: You look down and see the whole country below you.

P: This is often very difficult to do, for mountains are not just big hills.
Q: Paths are usually very steep, and some mountain sides are straight up and down, so that it may take many hours to climb as little as one hundred feet.
R: There is always the danger that you may fall off and be killed or injured.
S: Men talk about conquering a mountain, and the wonderful feeling it is to reach the top of a mountain after climbing for hours and may be, even for days.

5. S₁: Of course, it is silly to try to overcome fears that keep us from destroying ourselves.
S₆: The only fears you need to avoid are silly fears which prevent you from doing what you should do.

P: This is sensible.
Q: You wait until it is out of the way before crossing.
R: You need some fears to keep you from doing foolish things.
S: You are afraid of an automobile coming rapidly down the street you wish to cross.

6. S₁: If you want to do well in your examinations you need to be able to think for yourself which means not just following the guide - books but write what you think yourself.
S₆: If however you turn these ideas over in our mind accepting those which you agree with and fitting them into your stock of knowledge and rejecting the others you may get somewhere.

P: That will not help much.
Q: Few if any students do this.
R: By discussing things with other students, with your teachers, and with any intelligent people you meet you will find you can pick up a lot of new ideas but it'is no good first accepting these ideas, swallowing them undigested and then repeating them in the examinatioh.
S: At first you will find it difficult but if you go on trying you will find clear independent thought becomes easier.

7. S₁: The art of growing old is one which the passage of time has forced upon my attention.
S₆: This is not always easy; one's own past is a gradually increasing weight.

P: One of these is undue absorption in the past.
Q: One's thoughts must be directed to the future and to things about which there is something to be done.
R: Psychologically, there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.
S: It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness -about friends who are dead.

8. S₁: Plastic containers are being used more and more to package soft drinks, milk, oil, fruit juices, ketchup, etc.
S₆: Yet as plastics do not decompose by bacteria or naturally in the air, they are a big threat to the environment.

P: Most people think that this is the right thing to do, as it is economical.
Q: Plastic containers are cheap and light.
R: It is easier to transport materials packaged in them than in glass bottles.
S: They also involve theleast transport costs.

9. S₁: We don't see many banyan trees in our cities now-a- days.
S₆: And every village has at least one.

P: But in our overcrowded cities, where there is barely enough living space for people, banyan trees don't have much of a chance.
Q: These trees like to have plenty of space in which to spread themselves out.
R: Of course, many parks have banyan trees.
S: After all, a full grown banyan takes up as large an area as a three-storey apartment building.

10. S₁: In ancient Indian history the city of Uijain was quite famous.
S₆: So one can see what a great love all who care for India must feel. for the ancientry of Ujjain.

P: Here lived at one time the poet Kalidasa.
Q: He was a famous learned astronomer.
R: And here also worked and visited Rajah Jaysingh of Jaipur.
S: It was always renowned as a seat of learning.