1. S₁: Forecasting the weather has always been a difficult business.
S₆: He made his forecasts by watching flights of the birds or the way smoke rose from fire.

P: During a period of drought, streams and rivers dried up, the cattle died from thirst and the crops were ruined.
Q: Many different things affect the weather and we have to study them carefully to make an accurate forecast.
R: Ancient Egyptians had no need of this- weather in the Nile valley hardly ever changes.
S: In early times, when there were no instruments, such as thermometer or the barometer, man looked for tell-tale signs in the sky.

2. S₁: Those are fortunate people who have good, true and faithful hiends.
S₆: It must be borne in mind that prosperity breeds and multiplies friends and adversity tests them.

P: It is a sacred attachment,or a bond of intimacy between two persons of a congenial mind.
Q: True friendship increases - our happiness in prosperity and diminishes our misery in adversity.
R: Friendship often . springs from similarity of taste, f~,elings and sentiments.
S: However, true friendship should be based on truth and such vices as selfishness, greed and falsehood should be kept out of it.

3. S₁: For a conversation to be stimulating and sustained, the participants must be active talkers as well as active listeners.
S₆: Its better to paint the big picture first, and if your partner wantsto know more, you can always fill in with details.

P: This is usually unnecessary, confusing and even boring to your partner.
Q: Some people feel that they have to give long - winded explanations of their views.
R: Make a point of throwing the conversational ball to the other person after you have presented your ideas in an abridged form.
S: Be sure to do both in conversation.

4. S₁: After the firing that evening the street that used to be full of people was completely deserted.
S₆: I was so frightened that I ran for my life.

P: Nor were any windows open or lighted.
Q: Suddenly I detected a movement to my left.
R: There was no trace of any human being and all doors were firmly closed.
S: Surprisingly, even the stray dogs had disappeared.

5. S₁: If you want to do well in your examinations you need to be able to think for yourself which means not just following the guide - books but write what you think yourself.
S₆: If however you turn these ideas over in our mind accepting those which you agree with and fitting them into your stock of knowledge and rejecting the others you may get somewhere.

P: That will not help much.
Q: Few if any students do this.
R: By discussing things with other students, with your teachers, and with any intelligent people you meet you will find you can pick up a lot of new ideas but it'is no good first accepting these ideas, swallowing them undigested and then repeating them in the examinatioh.
S: At first you will find it difficult but if you go on trying you will find clear independent thought becomes easier.

6. S₁: The city is almost a slum and stinks most of the time.
S₆: But some visitors came away with the unforgettable sight of young labourers scantily clad.

P: The slush on the road did not deter them.
Q: The occasional slips and falls were considered a small price to pay for the trip.
R: They were excited, fascinated by the sight of fresh snow on the road.
S: Even so, it looked beautiful to tourists of various categories.

7. S₁: The Egyptian tomb was not only a resting place for the mummy but also a house for the dead man's spirit or double-his Ka.
S₆: Friends and relatives had to keep bringing it things and doing things for it all the time.

P: In that sense, it was quite human and didn't relish being forgotten.
Q: It ate there and drank there, and there it had all its earthly wants supplied
R: The Ka passed much of its life in the tomb.
S: It did there the things the dead man had done in life.

8. S₁: India's non-alignment has not been an attitude of negative neutrality.
S₆: This policy has been accepted, if not actually appreciated by the leading powers of the world.

P: In other words, it is not an aloofness from or indifference to other nations.
Q: Instead, it has been an attitude of constructive neutrality.
R: On the contrary, India has been taking a keen interest in all international developments.
S: India wants the goodwill of all nations and is hostile towards none.

9. S₁: Jawaharlal Nehru was born on November 14.
S₆: Exhibitions of photographs of Pandit Nehru showing his life time are also arranged in some schools.

P: He loved children.
Q: On this day, children take part in many activities.
R: Sports, music, drama and debates are arranged in schools.
S: That is why his birthday is celebrated as Children's Day.

10. S₁: And then Gandhi came.
S₆: Political freedom took new shape then and acquired a new content then.

P: Get off the backs. of these peasants and workers, he told us, all you who live by their exploitation.
Q: He was like a powerful current of fresh air, like a beam of light, like a whirlwind that upset many things.
R: He spoke - their language and constantly drew their attention to their appalling conditions.
S: He didn't descend from the top, he seemed to emerge from the masses of India.