1. S₁: Of the various kinds of insect defences that of the North American fungus - eating beetle is quite unusual.
S₆: The beetle's chemical secretion keeps the deer mouse at bay.

P: Both ants as well as mammals such as deermice feed on this beetle.
Q: This little beetle is able to recognize the kind of predator coming towards it and accordingly adopts a suitable defence.
R: When facing a deermouse, the beetle secretes an irritant from certain glands in its abdomen.
S: While the beetle simply rolls itself into a compact ball in the face of an ant attack, it copes with the deer mouse differently.

2. S₁: Politeness is not a quality possessed by only one nation or race.
S₆: In any case, we should not mock at other's habits.

P: One may observe that a man of one nation will remove his hat or fold his hands by way of greetings when he meets someone he knows.
Q: A man of another country will not do so.
R: It is a quality to be found among all peoples and nations in every corner of the earth.
S: Obviously, each person follows the custom of his particular country.

3. S₁: A certain young man was entrusted to the care of a teacher.
S₆: The teacher asked him to wait.

P: This dullard will come to grief if L send him away without a single lesson, thought the teacher.
Q: He was so dull of mind that he could not, even in three months, time, learn as much as a single lesson.
R: The young man came to ask the teacher's permission to go home.
S: It's my business to provide a good education to my pupils, to get on in life.

4. S₁: For some time in his youth, Abraham Lincoln was manager of a shop.
S₆: Never before had Lincoln had so much time for reading as he had then.

P: Then a chance customer would come.
Q: Young Lincoln's way of keeping shop was entirely unlike anyone else's.
R: Lincoln would jump up and attend to his needs and then revert to his needs.
S: He used to lie full length on the counter of the shop eagerly reading a book.

5. S₁: The houses in the Indus Valley were built of baked bricks.
S₆: They led outside into covered sewers which ran down the side of the streets.

P: This staircase sometimes continued upwards on to the roof.
Q: Access to the upstairs rooms was by a narrow stone staircase at the back of the house.
R: The drains were incorporated in the walls.
S: The houses had bathrooms and water closets, rubbish chutes and excellent drainage systems.

6. S₁: Useful human beings are divided into two classes : those whose work is work and pleasure is pleasure; and those whose work and pleasure are one.
S₆: For them the working hours are never long enough.

P: The long hours in the office or factory give them keen appetite for pleasure even in its most modest forms.
Q: Their life is a natural harmony.
R: Of these the former are in majority.
S: But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class.

7. S₁: Ingratitude stings strongest where relationship is closest.
S₆: From any warm and healthy human relationship expectation of returns has to be weeded out.

P: Expectation turns innocent relationship into commerce.
Q: Human relationship is adulterated with sly commerce.
R: In commerce, of course, give and take is understood.
S: Most relationships are founded on mutual expectations.

8. S₁: Progress and success are attained in slow degrees.
S₆: However, we must realise the truth that perfection is attained in slow proportions to the amount of labour put in by us.

P: But slow progress makes us grow impatient, disheartened and discouraged.
Q: The general tendency is to find fault with the system.
R: It is for this reason that people condemn and criticise the government.
S: People expect miracles and nothing short of a magical transformation can convince them.

9. S₁: Man has existed for about a million years.
S₆: What its future effects will be is a matter. of conjecture, but possibly a study of its effects hitherto may make the conjecture a little less hazardous.

P: Science' as a dominant factor in determining the beliefs of educated men, has existed for about 300 years; as a source of economic technique, for about 150 years.
Q: When we consider how recently it has risen to power, we find ourselves forced to believe that we are at the very beginning of its work in transforming human life.
R: In this brief period it has proved itself an incredibly powerful revolutionary force.
S: He has possessed writing for about 6,000 years, agriculture somewhat longer, but perhaps not much longer.

10. S₁: The path of Venus lies inside, the path of the Earth.
S₆: When at, its brightest, it, is easily seen with the naked eye in broad daylight.

P: When at its farthest from the Earth, Venus is 160 million miles away.
Q: With such a wide range between its greatest and least distances it is natural that at sometimes Venus appears much brighter than others.
R: No other body ever comes so near the Earth, with the exception of the.Moon and an occasional comet or asteroid.
S: When Venus is at its nearest to the Earth, it is only 26 million miles away.