1. S₁: Progress and success are attained in slow degrees.
S₆: However, we must realise the truth that perfection is attained in slow proportions to the amount of labour put in by us.

P: But slow progress makes us grow impatient, disheartened and discouraged.
Q: The general tendency is to find fault with the system.
R: It is for this reason that people condemn and criticise the government.
S: People expect miracles and nothing short of a magical transformation can convince them.

2. S₁: A certain young man was entrusted to the care of a teacher.
S₆: The teacher asked him to wait.

P: This dullard will come to grief if L send him away without a single lesson, thought the teacher.
Q: He was so dull of mind that he could not, even in three months, time, learn as much as a single lesson.
R: The young man came to ask the teacher's permission to go home.
S: It's my business to provide a good education to my pupils, to get on in life.

3. S₁: It is regrettable that there is widespread corruption in the country at all levels.

P: So there is 'hardly anything that the government can do about it now.
Q: And there are graft and other malpractices too.
R: The impression that corruption is a universal phenomenon persists and the people do not cooperate in checking this evil.
S: Recently several offenders were brought to book, but they were not given deterrent punishment.
S₆: This is indeed a tragedy of great magnitude.

4. S₁: Human ways of life have steadily changed.
S₆: During the last few years change has been even more rapid than usual.

P: From that time to this, civilisation has always been changing.
Q: About ten thousand years ago, man lived entirely by hunting.
R: Ancient Egypt -Greece - the Roman Empire - the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages - the Renaissance the age of modem science and of modern nations - one has succeeded the other; and history has never stood still.
S: A settled, civilised life began only when agriculture was discovered.

5. S₁: Different countries show different patterns of growth.
S₆: Compared to this in Europe the growth rate is low.

P: Many, others have a high birth rate with a low death rate.
Q: Some have a high birth rate and still have a high death rate.
R: The developing countries show the most rapid growth rate.
S: Some others like the European nations, have a low birth rate and a low death rate.

6. S₁: During the Middle Ages the manufacture of cloth was divided amongst a number of associations of skilled workers who performed different operations required ih its production.
S₆: This was one of the reasons why the industry flourished in such rich countries as Flanders, Italy and Britain.

P: But the association of skilled workers lacked capital to buy it.
Q: Consequently, he began to assume the role of ther employer.
R: With the mechanisation of these operations, complicated apparatus became necessary for economic production.
S: The banker, therefore, stepped in to finance the industrialisation of these operations.

7. S₁: Most people know that economics deals with such items as population, natural resources, incomes, tariffs, money and prices.
S₆: From this view, human behaviour is seen as activity directed towards the achievement of various objectives through the use of various resources.

P: Instead, it is how it organises and analyses its materials; it is the perspective from which it views the world that makes it a special field of study.
Q: However, it is not what economics deals with that makes it a distinctive science.
R: Indeed, the list of topics can be greatly extended.
S: Economics is a particular view of reality.

8. S₁: Man has existed for about a million years.
S₆: What its future effects will be is a matter. of conjecture, but possibly a study of its effects hitherto may make the conjecture a little less hazardous.

P: Science' as a dominant factor in determining the beliefs of educated men, has existed for about 300 years; as a source of economic technique, for about 150 years.
Q: When we consider how recently it has risen to power, we find ourselves forced to believe that we are at the very beginning of its work in transforming human life.
R: In this brief period it has proved itself an incredibly powerful revolutionary force.
S: He has possessed writing for about 6,000 years, agriculture somewhat longer, but perhaps not much longer.

9. S₁: Ingratitude stings strongest where relationship is closest.
S₆: From any warm and healthy human relationship expectation of returns has to be weeded out.

P: Expectation turns innocent relationship into commerce.
Q: Human relationship is adulterated with sly commerce.
R: In commerce, of course, give and take is understood.
S: Most relationships are founded on mutual expectations.

10. S₁: Widowhood in India used to be specially miserable.
S₆: Today nobody looks upon remarriage of widows with disgust or disapproval.

P: There were widows even in ages ranging from five to ten.
Q: A widow was a widow always.
R: However, several communities began to rebel against the illtreatment of widows.
S: She could not marry ugain however tender in age she might be.