1. S₁: Most of the perishable foods are shipped by refrigerator ships.
S₆: Ripe bananas are poor travellers and even one ripe banana at the start of the trip can spoil a whole ship load of fruit.

P: They are placed in the refrigerated hold of the ship.
Q: Some foods, such as bananas, are shipped before they get ripe.
R: As the green bananas are loaded, a man watchbs closely the signs of yellow on them.
S: The cool temperatures keep the bananas from getting ripe during the trip.

2. S₁: Different countries show different patterns of growth.
S₆: Compared to this in Europe the growth rate is low.

P: Many, others have a high birth rate with a low death rate.
Q: Some have a high birth rate and still have a high death rate.
R: The developing countries show the most rapid growth rate.
S: Some others like the European nations, have a low birth rate and a low death rate.

3. S₁: A certain young man was entrusted to the care of a teacher.
S₆: The teacher asked him to wait.

P: This dullard will come to grief if L send him away without a single lesson, thought the teacher.
Q: He was so dull of mind that he could not, even in three months, time, learn as much as a single lesson.
R: The young man came to ask the teacher's permission to go home.
S: It's my business to provide a good education to my pupils, to get on in life.

4. S₁: The path of Venus lies inside, the path of the Earth.
S₆: When at, its brightest, it, is easily seen with the naked eye in broad daylight.

P: When at its farthest from the Earth, Venus is 160 million miles away.
Q: With such a wide range between its greatest and least distances it is natural that at sometimes Venus appears much brighter than others.
R: No other body ever comes so near the Earth, with the exception of the.Moon and an occasional comet or asteroid.
S: When Venus is at its nearest to the Earth, it is only 26 million miles away.

5. S₁: At the age of four, Jagdish Chandra Bose was sent to a village 'pathshala'.
S₆: His mother, too, reinforced what he learnt and did at school.

P: This step proved beneficial to the boy, for he thus became familiar with his mother tongue and learnt to read and write it.
Q: This was very unusual because -a man of his father's status was expected to send his son' to an English school.
R: He also became acquainted with some of the rich treasures of Indian culture.
S: At the same time he mixed with children of all castes and lost the sense of class superiority.

6. S₁: The 'age of computers' is considered to have begun in 1946.
S₆: And now it is difficult to find a field where computers are not used.

P: Those early computers were huge and heavy affairs, with problems of speed and size.
Q: It was only with the introduction of electronics that the computers really came of age.
R: But computers were in use long before that.
S: They had several rotating shafts and gears which almost always doomed them to slow operation.

7. S₁: In the present day it is not necessary that generals or great officers should fight with their own hands, because it is their duty to direct the movements of their followers.
S₆: Robert Bruce was so remarkably active and powerful that he came through manypersonal dangers.

P: But in the ancient times, kings and great lords were obliged to put themselves into the very front.
Q: Therefore, it was of great consequence that they should be strong men and dexterous in the use of their arms.
R: The artillery and the soldiers shoot at the enemy, and men seldom mingle and fight hand to hand.
S: They fought like ordinary men with the lance and other weapons.

8. S₁: It is regrettable that there is widespread corruption in the country at all levels.

P: So there is 'hardly anything that the government can do about it now.
Q: And there are graft and other malpractices too.
R: The impression that corruption is a universal phenomenon persists and the people do not cooperate in checking this evil.
S: Recently several offenders were brought to book, but they were not given deterrent punishment.
S₆: This is indeed a tragedy of great magnitude.

9. S₁: Human ways of life have steadily changed.
S₆: During the last few years change has been even more rapid than usual.

P: From that time to this, civilisation has always been changing.
Q: About ten thousand years ago, man lived entirely by hunting.
R: Ancient Egypt -Greece - the Roman Empire - the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages - the Renaissance the age of modem science and of modern nations - one has succeeded the other; and history has never stood still.
S: A settled, civilised life began only when agriculture was discovered.

10. S₁: For some time in his youth, Abraham Lincoln was manager of a shop.
S₆: Never before had Lincoln had so much time for reading as he had then.

P: Then a chance customer would come.
Q: Young Lincoln's way of keeping shop was entirely unlike anyone else's.
R: Lincoln would jump up and attend to his needs and then revert to his needs.
S: He used to lie full length on the counter of the shop eagerly reading a book.