1. S₁: Politeness is not a quality possessed by only one nation or race.
S₆: In any case, we should not mock at other's habits.

P: One may observe that a man of one nation will remove his hat or fold his hands by way of greetings when he meets someone he knows.
Q: A man of another country will not do so.
R: It is a quality to be found among all peoples and nations in every corner of the earth.
S: Obviously, each person follows the custom of his particular country.

2. S₁: Of the various kinds of insect defences that of the North American fungus - eating beetle is quite unusual.
S₆: The beetle's chemical secretion keeps the deer mouse at bay.

P: Both ants as well as mammals such as deermice feed on this beetle.
Q: This little beetle is able to recognize the kind of predator coming towards it and accordingly adopts a suitable defence.
R: When facing a deermouse, the beetle secretes an irritant from certain glands in its abdomen.
S: While the beetle simply rolls itself into a compact ball in the face of an ant attack, it copes with the deer mouse differently.

3. S₁: Why then, do sharks attack?
S₆: Attacks of this kind may be generated by a, swimmer who unwitting~y interrupts a courting procedure, trespasses in a shark's territory and cuts off its escape route.

P: "The only way s shark can warn you is with its mouth and teeth," says Baldridge.
Q: In murky water it may simply be a case of mistaken identity.
R: Snork bumps and open - mouthed slashings are ways of trying to frighten you off.
S: But the most persuasive explanation is that they perceive their victim as a threat.

4. S₁: Human ways of life have steadily changed.
S₆: During the last few years change has been even more rapid than usual.

P: From that time to this, civilisation has always been changing.
Q: About ten thousand years ago, man lived entirely by hunting.
R: Ancient Egypt -Greece - the Roman Empire - the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages - the Renaissance the age of modem science and of modern nations - one has succeeded the other; and history has never stood still.
S: A settled, civilised life began only when agriculture was discovered.

5. S₁: During the Middle Ages the manufacture of cloth was divided amongst a number of associations of skilled workers who performed different operations required ih its production.
S₆: This was one of the reasons why the industry flourished in such rich countries as Flanders, Italy and Britain.

P: But the association of skilled workers lacked capital to buy it.
Q: Consequently, he began to assume the role of ther employer.
R: With the mechanisation of these operations, complicated apparatus became necessary for economic production.
S: The banker, therefore, stepped in to finance the industrialisation of these operations.

6. S₁: While talking to a group, one should feel self- confident and courageous.
S₆: Any man can develop his capacity if he has the desire to do so.

P: Nor is it a gift bestowed by providence on only a few.
Q: One should also learn how to think calmly and clearly.
R: It is like the ability to play golf.
S: It is not as difficult as most men imagine.

7. S₁: The Hound of Baskervilles was feared by the people of the area.
S₆: The Hound of Baskervilles remains an unsolved mystery.

P: Some people spoke of seeing a huge, shadowy form of a hound at midnight on the moor.
Q: But they spoke of it in tones of horror.
R: Nobody had actually seen the hound.
S: This shadowy form did not reveal any details about the animal.

8. S₁: Gandhi's first political fast was made soon after his return from Africa.
S₆: He did not. fast against the mill owners, but in order to strengthen the determination of the strikers.

P: He had also received help from this man's sister.
Q: This was when the poor labourers of the cotton mills of Ahmedabad were on strike.
R: He was a friend of the largest mill owner.
S: Gandhi had made the strikers promise to remain on strike until the owners agreed to accept the decision of an arbitrator.

9. S₁: Most of the perishable foods are shipped by refrigerator ships.
S₆: Ripe bananas are poor travellers and even one ripe banana at the start of the trip can spoil a whole ship load of fruit.

P: They are placed in the refrigerated hold of the ship.
Q: Some foods, such as bananas, are shipped before they get ripe.
R: As the green bananas are loaded, a man watchbs closely the signs of yellow on them.
S: The cool temperatures keep the bananas from getting ripe during the trip.

10. S₁: Production of c6ins starts with the buying of unmixed metals and their testing by the Assay Department.
S₆: The blanks are heated to soften them, then rolled so that the rim is raised, and are stamped with the design of the coin.

P: These ingots are reheated until the temperature is hot enough f6r hot rolling.
Q: During this stage, the ingots pass through a series of rollers until they form long, thin sheets which are the thickness of a coin.
R: From these thin strips, blank discs are punched.
S: Then the metals are alloyed in oil fired or electric arc furnaces, and cast into ingots 40 cm wide, 15 cm thick and 6 m long.