1. S₁: In the present day it is not necessary that generals or great officers should fight with their own hands, because it is their duty to direct the movements of their followers.
S₆: Robert Bruce was so remarkably active and powerful that he came through manypersonal dangers.

P: But in the ancient times, kings and great lords were obliged to put themselves into the very front.
Q: Therefore, it was of great consequence that they should be strong men and dexterous in the use of their arms.
R: The artillery and the soldiers shoot at the enemy, and men seldom mingle and fight hand to hand.
S: They fought like ordinary men with the lance and other weapons.

2. S₁: Gandhi's first political fast was made soon after his return from Africa.
S₆: He did not. fast against the mill owners, but in order to strengthen the determination of the strikers.

P: He had also received help from this man's sister.
Q: This was when the poor labourers of the cotton mills of Ahmedabad were on strike.
R: He was a friend of the largest mill owner.
S: Gandhi had made the strikers promise to remain on strike until the owners agreed to accept the decision of an arbitrator.

3. S₁: It is regrettable that there is widespread corruption in the country at all levels.

P: So there is 'hardly anything that the government can do about it now.
Q: And there are graft and other malpractices too.
R: The impression that corruption is a universal phenomenon persists and the people do not cooperate in checking this evil.
S: Recently several offenders were brought to book, but they were not given deterrent punishment.
S₆: This is indeed a tragedy of great magnitude.

4. S₁: During the Middle Ages the manufacture of cloth was divided amongst a number of associations of skilled workers who performed different operations required ih its production.
S₆: This was one of the reasons why the industry flourished in such rich countries as Flanders, Italy and Britain.

P: But the association of skilled workers lacked capital to buy it.
Q: Consequently, he began to assume the role of ther employer.
R: With the mechanisation of these operations, complicated apparatus became necessary for economic production.
S: The banker, therefore, stepped in to finance the industrialisation of these operations.

5. S₁: Human ways of life have steadily changed.
S₆: During the last few years change has been even more rapid than usual.

P: From that time to this, civilisation has always been changing.
Q: About ten thousand years ago, man lived entirely by hunting.
R: Ancient Egypt -Greece - the Roman Empire - the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages - the Renaissance the age of modem science and of modern nations - one has succeeded the other; and history has never stood still.
S: A settled, civilised life began only when agriculture was discovered.

6. S₁: Hungary, with a population of about ten million, lies between Czechoslovakia to the north and Yugoslavia to the south.
S₆: The new industries derive mainly from agricultural production.

P: Here a great deal of grain is grown.
Q: In recent years, however, progress has been made also in the field of industrialisation.
R: Most of this country consists of an extremely fertile plain, through which the river Danube flows.
S: In addition to grain, the plain produces potatoes, sugar, wine and livestock.

7. S₁: Widowhood in India used to be specially miserable.
S₆: Today nobody looks upon remarriage of widows with disgust or disapproval.

P: There were widows even in ages ranging from five to ten.
Q: A widow was a widow always.
R: However, several communities began to rebel against the illtreatment of widows.
S: She could not marry ugain however tender in age she might be.

8. S₁: Production of c6ins starts with the buying of unmixed metals and their testing by the Assay Department.
S₆: The blanks are heated to soften them, then rolled so that the rim is raised, and are stamped with the design of the coin.

P: These ingots are reheated until the temperature is hot enough f6r hot rolling.
Q: During this stage, the ingots pass through a series of rollers until they form long, thin sheets which are the thickness of a coin.
R: From these thin strips, blank discs are punched.
S: Then the metals are alloyed in oil fired or electric arc furnaces, and cast into ingots 40 cm wide, 15 cm thick and 6 m long.

9. S₁: Urban problems differ from State to State and city to city.
S₆: There is no'underground drainage system in- most cities, and the narrow historical roads are already congested.

P: Most of the cities have neither water nor the required pipelines,
Q: The population in these cities has grown beyond , the planners' imagination.
R: However, certain basic problems are common to all cities.
S: Only broad macro - planning was done for such cities, without envisaging the future growth, and this has failed to meet the requirements.

10. S₁: The Hound of Baskervilles was feared by the people of the area.
S₆: The Hound of Baskervilles remains an unsolved mystery.

P: Some people spoke of seeing a huge, shadowy form of a hound at midnight on the moor.
Q: But they spoke of it in tones of horror.
R: Nobody had actually seen the hound.
S: This shadowy form did not reveal any details about the animal.