1. S₁: The houses in the Indus Valley were built of baked bricks.
S₆: They led outside into covered sewers which ran down the side of the streets.

P: This staircase sometimes continued upwards on to the roof.
Q: Access to the upstairs rooms was by a narrow stone staircase at the back of the house.
R: The drains were incorporated in the walls.
S: The houses had bathrooms and water closets, rubbish chutes and excellent drainage systems.

2. S₁: In the present day it is not necessary that generals or great officers should fight with their own hands, because it is their duty to direct the movements of their followers.
S₆: Robert Bruce was so remarkably active and powerful that he came through manypersonal dangers.

P: But in the ancient times, kings and great lords were obliged to put themselves into the very front.
Q: Therefore, it was of great consequence that they should be strong men and dexterous in the use of their arms.
R: The artillery and the soldiers shoot at the enemy, and men seldom mingle and fight hand to hand.
S: They fought like ordinary men with the lance and other weapons.

3. S₁: Human ways of life have steadily changed.
S₆: During the last few years change has been even more rapid than usual.

P: From that time to this, civilisation has always been changing.
Q: About ten thousand years ago, man lived entirely by hunting.
R: Ancient Egypt -Greece - the Roman Empire - the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages - the Renaissance the age of modem science and of modern nations - one has succeeded the other; and history has never stood still.
S: A settled, civilised life began only when agriculture was discovered.

4. S₁: Progress and success are attained in slow degrees.
S₆: However, we must realise the truth that perfection is attained in slow proportions to the amount of labour put in by us.

P: But slow progress makes us grow impatient, disheartened and discouraged.
Q: The general tendency is to find fault with the system.
R: It is for this reason that people condemn and criticise the government.
S: People expect miracles and nothing short of a magical transformation can convince them.

5. S₁: Politeness is not a quality possessed by only one nation or race.
S₆: In any case, we should not mock at other's habits.

P: One may observe that a man of one nation will remove his hat or fold his hands by way of greetings when he meets someone he knows.
Q: A man of another country will not do so.
R: It is a quality to be found among all peoples and nations in every corner of the earth.
S: Obviously, each person follows the custom of his particular country.

6. S₁: It is regrettable that there is widespread corruption in the country at all levels.

P: So there is 'hardly anything that the government can do about it now.
Q: And there are graft and other malpractices too.
R: The impression that corruption is a universal phenomenon persists and the people do not cooperate in checking this evil.
S: Recently several offenders were brought to book, but they were not given deterrent punishment.
S₆: This is indeed a tragedy of great magnitude.

7. S₁: Widowhood in India used to be specially miserable.
S₆: Today nobody looks upon remarriage of widows with disgust or disapproval.

P: There were widows even in ages ranging from five to ten.
Q: A widow was a widow always.
R: However, several communities began to rebel against the illtreatment of widows.
S: She could not marry ugain however tender in age she might be.

8. S₁: Hungary, with a population of about ten million, lies between Czechoslovakia to the north and Yugoslavia to the south.
S₆: The new industries derive mainly from agricultural production.

P: Here a great deal of grain is grown.
Q: In recent years, however, progress has been made also in the field of industrialisation.
R: Most of this country consists of an extremely fertile plain, through which the river Danube flows.
S: In addition to grain, the plain produces potatoes, sugar, wine and livestock.

9. S₁: The 'age of computers' is considered to have begun in 1946.
S₆: And now it is difficult to find a field where computers are not used.

P: Those early computers were huge and heavy affairs, with problems of speed and size.
Q: It was only with the introduction of electronics that the computers really came of age.
R: But computers were in use long before that.
S: They had several rotating shafts and gears which almost always doomed them to slow operation.

10. S₁: The Hound of Baskervilles was feared by the people of the area.
S₆: The Hound of Baskervilles remains an unsolved mystery.

P: Some people spoke of seeing a huge, shadowy form of a hound at midnight on the moor.
Q: But they spoke of it in tones of horror.
R: Nobody had actually seen the hound.
S: This shadowy form did not reveal any details about the animal.