1. S₁: During the Middle Ages the manufacture of cloth was divided amongst a number of associations of skilled workers who performed different operations required ih its production.
S₆: This was one of the reasons why the industry flourished in such rich countries as Flanders, Italy and Britain.

P: But the association of skilled workers lacked capital to buy it.
Q: Consequently, he began to assume the role of ther employer.
R: With the mechanisation of these operations, complicated apparatus became necessary for economic production.
S: The banker, therefore, stepped in to finance the industrialisation of these operations.

2. S₁: Why then, do sharks attack?
S₆: Attacks of this kind may be generated by a, swimmer who unwitting~y interrupts a courting procedure, trespasses in a shark's territory and cuts off its escape route.

P: "The only way s shark can warn you is with its mouth and teeth," says Baldridge.
Q: In murky water it may simply be a case of mistaken identity.
R: Snork bumps and open - mouthed slashings are ways of trying to frighten you off.
S: But the most persuasive explanation is that they perceive their victim as a threat.

3. S₁: At the age of four, Jagdish Chandra Bose was sent to a village 'pathshala'.
S₆: His mother, too, reinforced what he learnt and did at school.

P: This step proved beneficial to the boy, for he thus became familiar with his mother tongue and learnt to read and write it.
Q: This was very unusual because -a man of his father's status was expected to send his son' to an English school.
R: He also became acquainted with some of the rich treasures of Indian culture.
S: At the same time he mixed with children of all castes and lost the sense of class superiority.

4. S₁: I put the phone down and shook my head in bewilderment.
S₆: And finally a half-drunk groundduty officer has the sense to put his runaway lights on in time to save me.

P: Then I am taken in tow by some moonlighting hare-brain with a passion for veteran aircraft, flying his own Mosquito through the night who happens to spot me.
Q: What a night, what an incredible night!
R: Then I get lost and short of fuel.
S: First I lose my radio and all my instruments.

5. S₁: Human ways of life have steadily changed.
S₆: During the last few years change has been even more rapid than usual.

P: From that time to this, civilisation has always been changing.
Q: About ten thousand years ago, man lived entirely by hunting.
R: Ancient Egypt -Greece - the Roman Empire - the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages - the Renaissance the age of modem science and of modern nations - one has succeeded the other; and history has never stood still.
S: A settled, civilised life began only when agriculture was discovered.

6. S₁: In the present day it is not necessary that generals or great officers should fight with their own hands, because it is their duty to direct the movements of their followers.
S₆: Robert Bruce was so remarkably active and powerful that he came through manypersonal dangers.

P: But in the ancient times, kings and great lords were obliged to put themselves into the very front.
Q: Therefore, it was of great consequence that they should be strong men and dexterous in the use of their arms.
R: The artillery and the soldiers shoot at the enemy, and men seldom mingle and fight hand to hand.
S: They fought like ordinary men with the lance and other weapons.

7. S₁: Ingratitude stings strongest where relationship is closest.
S₆: From any warm and healthy human relationship expectation of returns has to be weeded out.

P: Expectation turns innocent relationship into commerce.
Q: Human relationship is adulterated with sly commerce.
R: In commerce, of course, give and take is understood.
S: Most relationships are founded on mutual expectations.

8. S₁: Hungary, with a population of about ten million, lies between Czechoslovakia to the north and Yugoslavia to the south.
S₆: The new industries derive mainly from agricultural production.

P: Here a great deal of grain is grown.
Q: In recent years, however, progress has been made also in the field of industrialisation.
R: Most of this country consists of an extremely fertile plain, through which the river Danube flows.
S: In addition to grain, the plain produces potatoes, sugar, wine and livestock.

9. S₁: Useful human beings are divided into two classes : those whose work is work and pleasure is pleasure; and those whose work and pleasure are one.
S₆: For them the working hours are never long enough.

P: The long hours in the office or factory give them keen appetite for pleasure even in its most modest forms.
Q: Their life is a natural harmony.
R: Of these the former are in majority.
S: But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class.

10. S₁: The domestic cat is a contradiction in itself
S₆: Hence it has won such a reputation for obedience and loyalty.

P: But the adult pet dog also sees its human family as the dominant members of the pack.
Q: Nursed in kittenhood it develops extraordinary intimacy with mankind.
R: The dog, like the pet cat, sees its owners as pseudo - parents.
S: At the same time, however, the cat continues to retain its independence.