1. S₁: Machines have parts made of iron.
S₆: When the machine is not in use it should be covered.

P: They must be painted or chrome plated.
Q: Some parts rub against each other.
R: Iron gets rusted.
S: They must be lubricated with oil or grease.

2. S₁: The exact cause of migraine is still not known.
S₆: On the other handphysical overexertion, fatigue, irregularities in dietary habits, prolonged eye strain are common precipitating factors.

P: Several factors like digestive disorders and psychological disturbances, have been said to be causative factors.
Q: Certain foods like cheese, chocolate or red wine have also been found to trigger off an attack.
R: The causative factors are numerous : psychologically, anxiety and frustration play an important part.
S: It seems to be hereditary and a majority of sufferers are women.

3. S₁: You live either in a village or a town of India.
S₆: India is our motherland.

P: Many villages and towns form a tehsil or a taluka.
Q: There are also some areas in our country called Union Territories.
R: Many tehsils or talukas form a district and many districts form a State.
S: These, together with all the states of our country make India.

4. S₁: We and all other animals breathe in and breathe out air all the time.
S₆: It is a part of the earth.

P: If we stop breathing, we die.
Q: It is because of this fact that we are able to live.
R: It is called the atmosphere.
S: All parts of the earth are surTounded by air.

5. S₁: But Mr. Ford was by no means the inventor of mass production.
S₆: When one huge machine began to perform rapidly due operations previously done slowly by hand, the age of mass production was bom.

P: It is difficult, indeed, to say who was.
Q: Brilliant men perfected cotton gins and looms.
R: The inventibn of the steam-engine gave manufacturers the cheap power they needed.
S: When the first large mills for the manufacture of cloth were built, mass production began.

6. S₁: In the eighteenth century people expected most of their children to die before they were grown up.
S₆: There is no obvious limit to the improvement of health that cail be brought about by medicine.

P: Improvement began at the beginning of the nineteenth century, chiefly owing to vaccination.
Q: The general death rate in 1948 (10.8) was the lowest ever recorded upto that date.
R: In 1920 the infant mortality in England and Wales was 80 per thousand, in 1948 it was 34 per thousand.
S: It has continued ever since and is still continuing.

7. S₁: When you leave your house, concentrate your mind on a subject.
S₆: It is idle to pretend that your mind is incapable of concentration.

P: Bring the mind back by the scruff of the neck.
Q: You can not by any chance fail if you persevere.
R: Before you have reached the station you will have brought it back about 40 times.
S: You will not have gone ten yards before your mind has skipped away under your very eyes and is playing round the corner with another subject.

8. S₁: I also demand adventure for myself
S₆: The satisfaction of adventure is something much more solid than a thrill.

P: As a physiologist I can try experiments on myself
Q: Life without danger would be like life without mustard.
R: Love of adventure does not mean love of thrills.
S: I can also participate in wars and revolutions of which I approve.

9. S₁: Always remember that regular and frequent practice is essential ifyou are to learn to write well.
S₆: If you keep your eyes and ears open, you will find plenty of things 'to write about around you to be able to discipline yourself to write.

P: Even with the most famous writers, inspiration is rare.
Q: Writing is 99 percent hard work and one percent inspiration, so the sooner you get into the habit of writing, the better.
R: It is no good waiting until you have an inspiration before you write.
S: You learn to write by writing.

10. S₁: In the middle of one side of the square sits the Chairman of the committee, the most important person in the room.
S₆: From the moment its members meet, it begins to have a sort nebulous life of its own.

P: For a committee is not just a mere collection of individuals.
Q: On him rests much of the responsibility for the success or failure of the committee.
R: While this is happening we have an opportunity to get the 'feel' of this committee.
S: As the meeting opens, he runs briskly through a number of formalities.